The Marginal Population Of Mumbai Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

The paper tries to give an penetration about the exclusion of the unseeable population in Mumbai by a peculiar wellness strategy implemented in the province of Maharashtra. The paper besides highlights some of the issues faced by this peculiar group from the experience of the field as a pupil societal worker The chief statement of this paper is the usage of specific standards in placing donees for the strategy which is already debatable and has been contested by many intellectuals in India thereby excepting meriting donees which is beyond the purpose a public assistance province. Introduction â€Å" Welfare province is a construct of authorities in which the province plays a cardinal function in the protection and publicity of the economic and societal wellbeing of its citizens. We will write a custom essay sample on The Marginal Population Of Mumbai Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is based on the rules of equality of chance, just distribution of wealth, and public duty for those unable to avail themselves of the minimum commissariats for a good life † ( Beginnings: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.britannica.com ) . â€Å" The Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences describes a public assistance province as a province which takes up the duty to supply a minimal criterion of subsistence to its citizens. Therefore, in a public assistance province, the disposal enters into economic, political, societal and educational life of persons. And it provides services to persons, right from an person ‘s birth to decease † ( Social Welfare Administration: Concept, Nature and Scope, moodle.tiss.edu ) . In a public assistance province, the province takes the duty to function the aged, ill, orphans, widows, helpless, oppressed and the handicapped people whenever they are in demand of services. As a public assistance province the province implements assorted public assistance strategies for the citizens at big. The public assistance province typically includes proviso of wellness services, basic instruction, and lodging ( in some instances at low cost or free of charge ) etc. for the populace at big. When we talk about a public assistance province, the policies are inclusive of Torahs, directive, and planning in the Fieldss of employment, revenue enhancement, societal insurance and societal aid and population policy etc. The modern usage of the term public assistance province is coupled with the wide-ranging steps of societal insurance adopted in 1948 by Britain on the footing of the study on Social Insurance and Allied ServicesA ( 1942 ) . In the twentieth century, as the earlier construct of the inert individualistic province was steadily abandoned, about all provinces ( in the western states ) sought to supply at least some of the steps of societal insurance associated with the rules of public assistance province. Therefore, in the United States came up with theA † New Deal † A of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and theA † Fair Deal † A of President Harry S. Truman, and a big portion of the domestic plans of ulterior presidents were based on the rules of the public assistance province ( Beginnings: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.britannica.com ) . During the clip of British regulation in India, from the early nineteenth century till India ‘s independency, the welfare-political sphere of India has witnessed the formation of a great trade of societal motions, rooted from distinguishable, and aggressively divided societal categories like the dramatis personae and, subsequently on, spiritual communities of that clip who resentfully opposed the active badgering province of societal personal businesss ( Aspalter 2003 ) . Though it was excessively early to believe about societal security programs and other meaningful societal policy steps, during the British regulation in India, the Government did establish a series of societal policy statute law which focused chiefly on the decrease of societal diswelfare instead than the construct of new signifiers of public assistance plans and ordinances ( Aspalter 2003 ) . During that clip Social statute law, aimed at the stoping of harmful societal patterns and societal inequalities, patt erns like kid matrimony, limitation on widow rhenium matrimony, cast based favoritism etc. By presenting the first societal security statute law of modern India, Workmen ‘s Compensation Act 1923 the Indian societal security system made the first of import measure in way of a notable public assistance system. The act has proviso for compensation for accidents taking to decease, or entire or partial disability for more than three yearss, if the accident occurred in the class of employment, compensation for occupational disease etc ( Chowdhry 1985, Cited in Aspalter 2003, pp. 156-157 ) . The period following the divider, the Indian authorities passed a series of new Torahs with respect to labour and societal public assistance, even before the operation of the new fundamental law in 1950 ( Goel and Jain 1988, Cited in Aspalter 2003, pp 169-160 ) . After 1950, the Indian authorities of India undertook many attempts in the field of societal security ( Aspalter 2003 ) , â€Å" Over the old ages the authorities established, in add-on, illness insurance, a pension program, p regnancy benefits, particular disablement benefits, infirmary leave, a productivity-linked fillip strategy, assorted decreases of lodging, electricity, and H2O rates, a deposit-linked insurance strategy ( which functions similar to a life insurance ) , and death-cum-retirement tip for Cardinal Government employees. Employees of public sector projects and other independent organisations may gain from Employees State Insurance, Employees Family Pension Scheme, lodging benefits, particular societal aid strategies for handicapped individuals, widows, dependent kids, etc † ( Aspalter 2003 ) . Till now India has witnessed assorted strategies, policies, ordinances and statute laws etc aimed at the public assistance of its citizens, the lone inquiry remains is that how the province has been able to turn this policies into world, inclusive of all citizens of the state particularly the marginal ‘s. The ulterior portion of this paper will seek to critically see a wellness strategy launched in the State of Maharashtra meant of the poorer subdivision of the society which aims at supplying free wellness strategies to BPL households. It will be chiefly based on unrecorded experience from the Fieldss as a pupil Social Worker. Rajiv Gandhi Jeevandayee Arogya Yojana ( RGJAY ) The Maharashtra authorities launched the Rajiv Gandhi Jeevandayi Arogya Yojana on 18th December 2011 with the purpose to enable households with one-year income of less than Rs. 1 million rupees to avail free medical installations deserving Rs. 1.5 million. The Maharashtra province Health Minister Suresh Shetty announced that said strategy, when to the full implemented, would profit close to 2.5 billion households ( The Hindu, 19 Dec. 2011 ) . The strategy will be implemented throughout the province of Maharashtra in phased mode for a period of 3 old ages. The strategy covers eight territory of the province boulder clay now ( Gadchiroli, Amravati, Nanded, Sholapur, Dhule, Raigad, Mumbai and Suburbs ) . The strategy is aimed at bettering medical entree installation for both BPL and APL households which will in bend enhance the quality of medical attention to BPL and APL households. The donees will each acquire a wellness insurance policy and the EMIs of which will be paid by the State authorities. The strategy will widen quality medical attention for identified forte services, necessitating hospitalization for surgeries and therapies or audiences, through an identified web of wellness attention suppliers. The Scheme will supply coverage for run intoing all disbursals associating to hospitalization of the beneficiary up to Rs. 1, 50,000/- per household per twelvemonth in any of the Empanelled Hospital topic to Box Ratess on cashless footing through Health cards or valid Orange/Yellow Ration Card. The benefit shall be available to each and every member of the household on floater footing i.e. the entire one-year coverage of 1.5 million rupees can be availed by one person or jointly by all members of the household. The Scheme will cover the full cost of intervention of the patient from day of the month of describing to his discharge from infirmary including complications if any, doing the dealing genuinely cashless to the patient. In case of decease, the passenger car of dead organic structure from web infirmary to the village/township would besides be portion of bundle. The Network Hospitals will besides supply free follow-up audience, nosologies, and medical specialties under the strategy up to 10 yearss from the day of the month of discharge. A When the beneficiary visits the selected web infirmary and services of selected web infirmary, harmonizing to the strategy shall be made available ( Capable to handiness of beds ) . In case of non- handiness of beds at web infirmary, the installation of cross referral to nearest another Network infirmary is to be made available and Arogyamitra ( the staff covering with the said strategy in a web infirmary ) will besides supply the donee with the list of nearby web infirmaries. All eligible households in the enforced territories will be provided with Rajiv Gandhi Jeevandayee Arogya Yojana Health Cards though this has non implemented wholly till now. For the clip being till the issue of wellness cards, the valid Orange/Yellow Ration Card with Aadhaar figure or, any Photo ID card of beneficiary ( if Aadhaar figure is non available ) issued by Government bureaus ( Driving License, Election ID, ) to correlate the patient name and exposure is accepted in stead of wellness card to avail the benefits by a donee. The Health Cards to be issued will be used for the intent of placing beneficiary households in the household under the said Scheme. The Family Health Cards will be issued by utilizing informations from valid Yellow or Orange ration cards coupled with Aadhaar Numberss issued by UID governments. Till now from July 2nd 2012 there is 78919 households have been registered under this strategy and 154571 patients have been benefited. Total of 43503 surgeries/therapies has been performed including both authorities and private infirmaries. ( Beginnings: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jeevandayee.gov.in ) The fringy population of Mumbai and the RGJAY One-half of the population in Mumbai is either homeless or lives in informal or semi lasting lodging. Harmonizing to the 2001 nose count of India, out of 11.9 million people populating in the metropolis, 5.8 million people lives in shanty towns or slums or on pavings ( Levinson, 2004 ) . A turning figure ofA migrantsA looking for employment and better life criterions are rapidly fall ining Mumbai ‘s stateless population. NGO’sA are assisting to alleviate the homelessness crisis in Mumbai, but these organisations are non plenty to work out the full job. And there are less figure of NGO ‘s working with this population with respect to wellness issues of this peculiar population. As I have been working with this population since the beginning of the MA class in TISS, I have some basic apprehension of this peculiar population and their issues with wellness and entree to wellness attention. Health attention for stateless people or people in destitution is a major public wellness challenge in Mumbai. They are more likely to endure hurts and medical jobs because their life style on the street, which besides includes hapless nutrition, exposure to extreme conditions conditions, and a higher opportunity of indulging in force and dependence to chemical substance and alcohol addiction. Yet at the same clip, they have small or no entree to public medical services. Many a times working as a pupil societal worker at the bureau where I have been placed, had to reason with hospital governments to acquire a street patient admitted. Unless they are non accompanied by any 3rd party ( NGO or the Police ) the infirmaries barely admits them. They are denied of basic installations of wellness attention. This peculiar population frequently finds troubles in keeping their paperss like individuality cogent evidence paperss, Because stateless people normally have no topographic point at all to hive away their ownerships, they often lose their ownerships, including their designation and other paperss, or happen them destroyed by constabulary or BMC which is really common in Mumbai. One a young person from Murti Galli, Khar route narrated me how he lost his paperss in Mumbai inundations, 2006. Many times they are chased off from the railroad platforms, foot waies etc. Without an ID cogent evidence, they are denied to entree many societal services schemes. Many do non possess basic citizenship cards, like elector ‘s ID, ration cards etc. Sing at the scope of exposures that this peculiar population faces and their issues with wellness, I have the sentiment that they should be the precedence as a mark group in any public assistance strategies. As a typical societal public assistance strategy RGJAY has neglected this peculiar unseeable population by utilizing a debatable standard to aim population ‘Within India, there has been turning controversy around the appraisal of poorness, peculiarly in the period of economic reforms. First, there are relentless dissensions among economic experts on whether the rate of poorness diminution after economic reforms was slower than in the preceding period. Second, the displacement to targeted, instead than universal, public assistance strategies has witnessed the usage of poorness estimations to make up one’s mind on the figure of families eligible to entree these strategies ‘ ( Ramakumar 2010 ) . The appraisal of poorness in India is controversial, with many committees coming up with different poorness lines. ‘Errors of â€Å" incorrect exclusion † in targeted programmes in India are due to the separation of the procedures of ( a ) the appraisal of the fig ure of hapless and ( B ) the designation of the hapless. It is for the absence of a dependable and executable method of uniting appraisal and designation that political and societal motions have been demanding the universalisation of public assistance strategies like the PDS ‘ ( Ramakumar 2010 ) . The RGJAY has besides used the undependable BPL/APL cards to place the donees excepting many of the population who needs such strategy the most. It ‘s high clip the authorities as a public assistance province device new aiming system for public assistance strategies which is inclusive of all the fringy and unseeable population, they are the 1 who needs such intercession the most, or universalise basic public assistance strategies with respect to wellness, nutrients and support etc. How to cite The Marginal Population Of Mumbai Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Breast Impants Essay Research Paper Breast ImplantsIShould free essay sample

Breast Impants Essay, Research Paper Breast Implants I. Should breast implants be concidered unsafe or are they safe for adult females to utilize? Small-breasted adult females in America say that they feel inferior or unfeminine in a civilization where chest size is a major issue. Popular manner theoretical accounts today are normally thin, but large-breasted, particularly those who model intimate apparel, flushing wear and swimwears. With American civilization looking to compare cleavage with amorousness, it is no admiration that some smaller-breasted adult females doubt their attraction and recive implants that make their chests larger.The explosive popularity of chest implants over the past three decennaries has waned late, nevertheless, as a consequence of a turning contention over their safety. Are breast implants unsafe? Do they do otherwise healthy adult females to go sick? Or are they a safe option for adult females who either lose a chest to malignant neoplastic disease or merely want to alter the manner they look? There are two chief sorts of breast implants-those filled with silicone gel and those filled with saline ( a salt-water solution ) enclosed in a difficult silicone shell. We will write a custom essay sample on Breast Impants Essay Research Paper Breast ImplantsIShould or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While critics contend that implants pose a menace to adult females? s wellness, guardians insist that that no cause and consequence relationship has been established between implants and disease. II. Why Women Want Breast Implants A 1986 Psychology Today study found that tierce of American adult females were unhappy with the size of their chests. For many grounds, personal organic structure image and self-pride are closely interwined. Young adult females are bombarded with images of the? Perfect? female body-often the kind of organic structure they feel that work forces most admire and covet, and a criterion that is about impossible to run into. Many misss foremost go body-conscious during adolescence, when they notice alterations in their chest sizes ; some adult females remain determined, frequently because of a lingering deficiency of self-pride or assurance, to seek through chest augmentation what they consider to be flawlessness. Eighty per centum of adult females who seek chest implants do so for decorative reasons-they privation to hold larger chests. The staying 20 % seek chest Reconstruction after they have had a mastectomy ( breast remotion ) due to malignant neoplastic disease. Many breast-cancer subsisters suffer important psychological injury at the loss of a chest, and chest implants are a important component in doing the adult females feel whole once more. Despite the 1000s of adult females who say they h ave encountered jobs with implants,90 % of adult females who have had breast-augmentation surgery are satisfied with the consequences, harmonizing to a 1990 study conducted by the American Society of Plastic and Reconstuctive Surgeons ( ASPRS ) . III. History of Implants 1962- Researchers invent foremost silicone-gel chest implants ; it goes on the market. 1969- Saline chest implants introduced. 1976- Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) given authorization to modulate chest implants. 1978- Dow Corning Corp.scientists tells FDA that surveies are necessary to find hazards of implants. 1988- FDA decides to see chest implants as Class III devices ; makers are required to subject informations on their safety. 1991- FDA notifies implant makers that they must subject safety informations. 1992- FDA imposes voluntary prohibition on sale of silicone-gel implants, mentioning deficiency of safety informations ; allows limited usage of that type of implant if receivers participate in surveies. 1994- FDA notifies shapers of saline implants that they must subject informations on safety. 1994- Mayo Clinic survey finds no nexus between silicone-gel implants and connective-tissue diseases. 1994- U.S. District Judge Sam C. Pointer approves largest merchandise liability colony in U.S. history: implant shapers are to pay out $ 4.25 billion over 30 old ages to adult females who say implants made them vomit. 1995- Dow Corning, the state? s largest implant maker until it ceased production of implants in 1992, declares bankruptcy in May, mentioning surging judicial proceeding costs. 1995- Harvard University survey reports no nexus found between silicone-gel implants and connective-tissue disease. IV. What Are the Dangers There are certain unchallenged jeopardies associated with chest implants, and makers say they have been clear about them. Among the hazards outlined by implant shapers: implants can tear or leak, weave around implants can indurate, do hurting and alter the chest? s visual aspect ( a status called? capsular contracture? ) , and implants can interfere with physicians? ability to observe tumours. In add-on to these dangers, there has been fear-although unsubstaintiated to date-that chest implants can do malignant neoplastic disease. In fact, merely one type of implant, once made by Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. , has been linked to malignant neoplastic disease, and that implant was withdrawn from the market in 1991. The FDA now says the hazard of acquiring malignant neoplastic disease from implant is one in a million, and non worth the hazard of holding the implant removed. The wellness argument has centered on the effects of silicone gel on the human immune system. Patients and their physicians allege that silicone implants have caused serious autoimmune diseases. An autoimmune disease is one in which the organic structure? s immune system attacks its ain cells. The implants are alleged to hold caused a figure of unwellnesss, including dermatosclerosis ( a hardening of the tegument and interior variety meats, which can be fatal ) , lupus erythematosus ( a disease characerized by redness of tegument, articulation, lungs or kidneys ) , and rheumatoid arthritis ( chronic articulation redness ) . The symptoms described by affected adult females include weariness, hurting articulations, roseolas and conceited lymph nodes. Some adult females who have had their implants removed say their symptoms have vanished and they feel absolutely healthy once more, while others claim that the symptoms have non disappeared. Implant makers and fictile sawboness insist that implants are safe. After several surveies, the scientific constitution has found no connexion between silicone-gel chest implants and these diseases, and even the American Medical Association ( AMA ) says it? s clip the FDA lifted the prohibition. Those who belive that implants play a causative function in disease, such as Dr.Sidney M Wolfe of the protagonism organisation Public Citizen Health Research Group, complain that the surveies have been flawed-they have non looked at the right indexs for disease, they have looked at excessively few adult females and they have been funded by partizan groups who could act upon their results. Wolfe and his protagonists want the FDA prohibition to remain in topographic point. V. In decision to if adult females should utilize chest implants I steadfastly belive that adult females should make up ones mind if they want to utilize them or non. I mean they already know the effects and dangers it might show so it? s thier decicion. I besides think that they should work more on look intoing all the hazards that chest implants may do because they are non wholly certain of the dangers that these things might do.

Western Front and Testament of Youth Essay Example

Western Front and Testament of Youth Paper World War One is well-known for the horrific amount of men who died in it, many of whom did not fully believe in or understand the causes they fought for. War literature presents the modern reader with peoples experiences from the period. Their views are integral in shaping our own opinions on war. Although war literature often differs in its composition, many themes are concurrent throughout the genre. All Quiet on the Western Front by Remarque and Testament of Youth by Vera Brittain, both portray the theme of futility of war. They are both drastically different in their portrayal, one an account from a German soldier and the other, an autobiography by a British woman; the ideas that they present on how war is futile presents a human wide consciousness of its futility and begs the readers to question the human nature of declaring and fighting war. The First World War was dubbed the war to end all wars but it did not end all wars as the name might suggest, rather it simply set the pattern for new and even more mechanised killing. Remarque thoroughly explores the impersonality of killing and the idea of a mechanised war in All Quiet on the Western Front. We will write a custom essay sample on Western Front and Testament of Youth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Western Front and Testament of Youth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Western Front and Testament of Youth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One way in which he presents this idea is through a very matter of fact approach to fighting and injury such as: Kat and Kropp even make another sortie during the afternoon. In the process Kropp gets an earlobe shot off. Vera Brittain also uses a matter of fact approach in her writing rather than romanticising the injuries she witnessed. It is likely that Remarques own experiences in the war heavily contributed to this novel; several of his other novels also dealt with the atrocities of the war and its aftermath. Injured by British shell-splinters at Passchendaele, Remarque witnessed first hand the brutality of war and hence this is a key theme throughout the novel. By presenting how brutal war was, he helps to destroy the false fai ade of the glory and honour of war and in a sense demonises the way in which it destroys the livelihoods of soldiers on the front and civilians back home. As a result, after the Nazis came to power, All Quiet on the Western Front was subject to their book burning. Vera Brittain also destroys the false faade of the glory and honour of war after she learns of the death of her fianci Roland. The loss of honour and glory is symbolised by Rolands returned kit. Notably, his badge, which would represent his honour and that of the army, was thickly coated in mud. He must have fallen on top of it, or perhaps one of the people who fetched him in trampled on it. This suggests that the honour that the badge represents has been soiled by the war, the badge now symbolises the horror of war without its glory. This is also ambivalent in the sense that she suggests he may have fallen on top of it, rather than just presenting how the war is no longer honourable it also suggests that there was no glory in his death and that his death and that death and destruction is what the war truly symbolises. Vera Brittain has altered the clichi of falling on ones sword to illustrate how the soldiers did not die traditional heroic deaths, but like her own fianci died for no military benefit. In addition, her reference of the returned kit as relics suggests that this is all that is left of her fianci  after the death and decay of the war. It represents her attitude towards the war, the return of the kit causes her realisation of all that France meant, that France meant death and destruction for both sides. It is however ambiguous as there is a level of conceit in all that France meant. She surprisingly compares France, which is often seen as cultural and beautiful, to death and destruction perhaps highlighting the idea that civilisation leans itself to war and that after this war is at end it will not be long until the next begins. This is a clever if not relatively elaborate way to express her view on the futility of war, that no matter what they say this war will not end all wars, it is a futile loss of life. Killing removes all honour and glory from both country and men and there shall be no benefit to either side on victory or loss because both ironically mean death. The frankness in which she portrays these ideas is of high importance, but it also unnerved many of the original reviewers. James Agate wrote that it reminded him of a woman crying in the street. One can see how he may have formed his opinion and it illustrates Brittains dramatic responses to the events yet I find him a little unjust in his criticism. Testament of Youth was the real book of the women of England1 and presents the strife of women during World War One. Virginia Woolf expressed the more widespread response, she mocked the story of how she lost her lover and the other clichi s of war literature, she admitted that much about the book had interested her and in turn had left its mark on her own novel The Years that had been influenced by Brittains connection between feminism and pacifism2. Remarque expresses the theme of brutality of war through his clever use of irony, such as in the first chapter. On the opening page of the first chapter, the protagonist narrates: We havent had a stroke of luck like this for ages. The men feel lucky for receiving a double ration yet this is due to the fact they lost a large amount of men because the English guns kept on pounding [their] position. This is both an example of verbal and structured irony, which is used extensively throughout the novel. It is first perceived that the double rations are what are lucky, but the death of half the platoon provides the luck. It is structured irony also, because the remainder of the platoon know they are lucky in receiving the extra rations due to the death of half of their platoon, yet they do not understand its significance. They have been immune to the concept of death to survive. The reader however is presented with mass carnage and the idea of other humans revelling in this stroke of luck. This depicts how the men have been dehumanised by the war; they revel in the death of their own kin because it helps to save their own lives. This irony is key in presenting Remarques view on how the war is futile. Imagery is another integral part in Remarques development of the theme of brutality of war and so how he presents war as being futile. Paul narrates, Its as if it is not the guns that are roaring; its as if the very earth is raging. The war has become so brutal and the killing so impersonal that it is no longer as if there are two sides fighting each other but more as if the earth is fighting humanity. Remarque is also careful to make sure the use of the word enemy is rare and instead Bi umer refers to the others, or to those over there. Vera Brittain is also hesitant to use the word enemy, instead stating that the men had been ordered to fire against the advancing Germans. This reinforces the idea that the earth is fighting humanity. Both sides are experiencing terrible losses and appalling conditions. Vera Brittain describes how she saw the hand of a man whod been killed only that morning beginning to turn green and yellow which demonstrates her use of imagery to graphically illustrate the horrors of war. The idea that both writers from opposing nations record the same details suggests that death itself is the enemy. If death itself is the enemy rather than the opposing side, the very fact that they are fighting is futile. There are no gains to either side, apart from the gain in numbers of death and casualties. Remarque also focuses heavily on the dehumanisation process of front-line soldiers, and remarks upon how all conventions of society lose their place in war in place of pure human instinct for survival. One such scene that demonstrates this is when Bi umer, Kropp and Mi ller use the latrines, they: pull three if them together in a circle and make [themselves] comfortable. It is quite a peculiar image of three men making themselves comfortable whilst in each others company using the latrines. It could be argued to be satirical, ridiculing how society acts in demonising and hiding natural parts of human life. However, I am inclined to believe that Remarque is hinting at how the soldiers have been dehumanised. Due to the loss of their social upbringing they will find it difficult to integrate back into society should they survive the war. This suggests that Remarque views the war as futile because even should the men survive they will not be in a position to live how they used to and in a sense have perished. Brian Murdoch, the translator and author of the afterword suggests that the novel presents the war without heroism but through terror and the loss of human dignity and values. This reinforces the idea that the dehumanisation of the soldiers is important in presenting the theme of futility of war. Whereas Remarque focuses heavily on the dehumanisation of men during the war, Vera Brittain concentrates profoundly upon the effects the war had at home through the themes of feminism and a prevailing sense of pacifism. Despite this, both Remarque and Vera Brittain focus on the effects on society by the war. Vera Brittain grew up in provincial comfort in the north of England, into a family that did not want her to follow her academic aspirations and so her experiences prior to the war evidently contribute to her feminist and pacifist ideology. She links her ideas of feminism to pacifism. Her aspirations to gain an education and then to work towards the war effort she had to confront her own susceptibility as a younger woman to the glamour of war. It became apparent that Brittain was ready to reject anything that identified war with grey crossed, and supreme sacrifices, and red poppies blowing against a serene blue sky. Both Testament of Youth and All Quiet on the Western Front, focus heavily on the theme of futility of war and as suggested by other critical appreciations of the texts, the focus on the novels concentrates heavily on illustration war without glory, without heroism. They both present death as the real enemy within war. Brittain focuses on the dismantling of the  ade of an honourable and glorious war, and invokes her feminist and pacifist ideology (much of what she forms after her experiences of the war) to demonstrate this. Whilst Remarque also illustrates how war is not glorious, his use of imagery and irony help to form images of how brutal war was and how it affected the lives of the young soldiers fighting in it. The theme of brutality of war, and the dismantling of the fai ade both present Brittains and Remarques views on the futility of war. 1 The Writers War, Oliver Edwards, The Times, 19th November 1964 2 Introduction of Testament of Youth by Mark Bostridge, February 2004

American Comedy Through Out the Decades Essays

American Comedy Through Out the Decades Essays American Comedy Through Out the Decades Essay American Comedy Through Out the Decades Essay American Comedy Throughout the Decades American comedy films are one of the oldest genres in which the main point is purely focused on humor. From silent films of the early 1920s to modern classics such as The Hangover, American comedies have transformed though out the years. American comedies became popular as a way of escape from reality in the 1920s. It was a way to bring out humor and laughter from the audience watching these films. American comedies would take serious social issues like racial and ethnic issues, immigrants, male and female relationships and differences in social and economic class and use these issues as their material for comedies. American comedies used their exaggeration of situations to amuse the audience. There are many different types of American comedies and they have changed dramatically though out the years. The silent film era was a massive part of the history of American comedies. Silent films took silent comedians and used their exaggerations of body language and humorous story lines and transformed them into stories to amuse the audience. The two most predominate actors in the silent film era were Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton. With the introduction of slapstick comedy, where use of physical comedy involving exaggerated, energetic actions, violence, and activities which may exceed the boundaries of common sense, actors such as Chapin and Keaton rose to the top of the entertainment industry. Movies like â€Å"The General† by Buster Keaton, allowed for a different element of comedy. Instead of Keaton always interacting with a human costar he would have relationships with machines, which lead to a more interactive experience because he would play off of the machine and it would engage the audience even more. â€Å"More often then not, Keaton’s comic costar was a machine†¦Keaton’s Relationships with machines often proved more harmonious than those with human costars†¦Ã¢â‚¬  described John Belton, author of American Cinema American Culture. Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton mastered the art of slapstick comedy by transforming it into a form of self-expression. One movie that brought back the nostalgia of silent movies was The Artist, which was a silent film that came out in 2011. The Artist took a modern approach on a silent film, which included some slapstick comedy, and you can clearly see the inspiration from Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton. When sound was introduced into movies there was quite a transformation. Screwball comedy grew as the sound in movies became more obtainable. Screwball comedies took the idea of slapstick comedies but incorporated verbal word play in it. Comedies such as â€Å"Some like it Hot†, with marilyn monroe, took the idea of using exaggerated body language and incorporated verbal word play so the audience could engaged in a deeper story line. In â€Å"Some like it Hot† by Billy Wilder, Jack Lemmon and Tony Curtis dress up as women in a band to escape the mob who is looking for them. While they are dressed up as women they are constantly getting involved in crazy situations where they have to escape in minutes or they had to hide their real identity from Sugar, played by Marilyn Monroe. While they were involved in these scenes they had to use their body language as well as their witty verbal wordplay and by doing this the audience was able to connect to these characters. Movies like Role Models (2008) use the idea of screwball comedy there is an extreme amount of dialogue and verbal wit in movies like Role Models but when they incorporate the verbal wit with their â€Å"slapstick† comedy the result is a modern age screwball comedy that everyone enjoys. As American comedies progressed so did the sub-genres with films like slapstick comedies as well as screwball comedies it gave actors and writers to expand their talents. In the late 1930s and early 1940s romantic comedies played a big role in the expansion of American comedies. â€Å"Romantic comedies, in which the central dramatic action involved the comic (as opposed to melodramatic) vicissitudes of heterosexual love affair and that had been a staple of the silent screen, enjoyed a new lease on life in films that combined romance with the comedy of manners,† explained John Belton. Movies such as â€Å"Some like it Hot,† and â€Å"The Awful Truth† combined screwball comedy with romantic comedy. They would use elements of screwball comedy but would mix it with the drama of a romantic relationship. For example, in Leo McCareys’ â€Å"The Awful Truth†, Cary Grant and Irene Dunn play a married couple that is getting a divorce but as each person tries to move on to a new relationship the other person finds a way to mess things up. For example, when Lucy, played by Irene Dunn, starts dating a new man Cary Grants’ character finds humorous ways to mess up her new relationship. Romantic comedies sometimes incorporate screwball comedy into it to give the movie a more upbeat tone. The basic plot of a romantic comedy was that two protagonists, usually a man and a woman, meet, part ways due to an argument or other obstacle, then ultimately reunite. This basic plot is still used today in many movies. Movies like the Wedding Singer, Serendipity, and Never Been Kissed all use this basic plot. Overall, the development of American Comedy has progress tremendously throughout the years. From Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton’s slapstick comedy to Cary Grant and Irene Dunn’s romantic comedy there is always a form of comedy though out the years. With out Chaplin and Keaton there would not be such a vast history behind the idea of American Comedy. Even though these American Comedies touched on serious social issues, they brought humor to people who really needed it. One of the most important things about the classic American Comedies was the fact that it gave people an escape when they desperately needed it. Even though American comedy films have a long and important history the reason why comedies are so popular has not changed since film was invented. American comedies bring happiness to people and for this reason everyone loves comedies and I am sure that this love will remain till the end of time. Belton, John. American Comedy. American cinema/American culture. Third ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994. 164-194. Print.

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